The arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an area. Geoscience is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief (quantitative measurement of vertical elevation change in a landscape) but also natural and physical features as well as the culture of an area. However more recently the term topography has been more broadly used to cover terms involved with elevation rather than local culture.
The aim of typography is to determine the position of any feature or points based on a horizontal coordinate system such as latitude, longitude and altitude.
Elevation Contours:
A contour line joins two points of equal elevation above a given level, sea level. A contour map is a map featuring contour lines allowing parts of the terrain to be visible such as valleys or hills and steepness of slopes.
Techniques used in Topography:
Direct Surveying:
Surveying helps identify accuratly three-dimensional space position of points and angles using levelling tools such as theodolites, dumpy levels and clinometers.
Remote Sensing:
Geodata collection at a distance from the subject area which has greatly increased the speed of the process and improved accuracy over a larger area. Remote sensing can be done in a number of ways such as photogrammetry, RADAR and in more recent years LIDAR (light detection and ranging).
Topography of Sierra Madre:
The Sierra Madre mountains have an elevation of 4,220 m with coffee being ground at elevations between 500 m- 1500m above sea level. The mountain range stretches northwest-southeast from Chiapas in Mexico through western Guatemala into El Salvador and Honduras.
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